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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Fire in the Borgo
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1514 Fresco Stanza dell'Incendio di Borgo, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The group in the left foreground, for example (made up of an old man on the shoulders of a young man, and a child), may be drawn from the episode of the Aeneid in which Aeneas escapes with his father, Anchises and his son, Ascanius. The nude descending from the wall at left recalls the heroic figures of Michelangelo.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Fire in the Borgo (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Fire in the Borgo
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1514 Fresco Stanza dell'Incendio di Borgo, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The figures in the foreground are desperately trying to put out the fire.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Fire in the Borgo (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple
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1511-12 Fresco Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican Raphael's depiction of the Pope Julius II in the fresco is as penetrating as the London portrait of Julius. According to Vasari, the reason Raphael was so well-liked was probably because he portrayed so many people at the papal court to their satisfaction in these frescoes.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple
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1511-12 Fresco, width of detail: 230 cm Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican In the centre, the expanse of the wide nave, illuminated by the reflections of light in the vault, is a more effective space-determining motif than the large patches of blue sky which appeared through the coffered ceiling in the School of Athens.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Philosophy
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1509-11 Fresco, diameter 180 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The woman enthroned is enveloped in a garment that has four colours, each of which represents one of the four elements, which in turn are symbolized by their pattern. Blue is for the stars (air), red is for the tongues of flame (fire), green is for the fish (water), and golden brown is for the flora (earth). Philosophy holds two books with the titles "Morals" and "Nature," while two genii hold texts with Cicero's words Causarum Cognitio (Know the Causes). This picture is situated above The School of Athens.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Philosophy (ceiling tondo) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Poetry
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1509-11 Fresco, diameter 180 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The lyre and the laurel wreath are the symbols of Poetry, who here appears as a winged figure. Like Aristotle in The School of Athens, she is holding a book in an unusual way; the title is not known. Two putti are holding the tablets on which are written the words of the Roman poet Virgil's, "Numine Afflatur" (Inspired by the Spirit). The Christian "spirit" is meant here, since putti are holding the text and not genii, as with the figure of Philosophy.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Poetry (ceiling tondo) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Theology
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1509-11 Fresco, diameter 180 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican Theology's veil is white, her cloak green, and her dress red, the colours of the theological Virtues (Faith, Hope, and Charity). She is holding a book in her left hand and is pointing with her right hand at the fresco of the Disputa below. Two putti are holding blue tablets with the golden inscriptions Divinar, Rer and Notitia ("Knowledge of Divine Things").Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Theology (ceiling tondo) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Justice
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1509-11 Fresco, diameter 180 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The personification of Justice is holding, as her symbols, weighing scales and a sword. Her eyes are directed at the fresco below, The Virtues, in which Fortitude, Wisdom, and Temperance are portrayed in the form of three women. Taken together, all four personifications represent the Cardinal Virtues. Justice's prominent position is explained by the fact that Justice was said by Plato to play a decisive role among the virtues. Two putti are holding the inscription with the words of Emperor Justinian, "She gives Justice to all."Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Justice (ceiling tondo) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Battle of Ostia
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1514-15 Fresco, width at base 770 cm Stanza dell'Incendio di Borgo, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican In AD 849 the Arab fleet attacked the papal forces, but was destroyed by a storm. On the left, Leo IV, in the figure of Leo X, can be seen giving thanks. The scene is probably a reference to Leo's intentions to mount a crusade against the Turks. The fresco is the work of workshop assistants.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Battle of Ostia Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Mass at Bolsena
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1512 Fresco, width of detail: 141 cm Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican As the priest raises the Host, two devotees lean over the semicircular screen which forms the background of the scene. This is a further attempt by Raphael to represent figures in a more dynamic way.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Mass at Bolsena (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Mass at Bolsena
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1512 Fresco Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican Julius II had founded the Swiss Guard as a military elite in May 1510, and granted them the distinction of their own costume. The Guard had played a vital role in a victory over French forces, who had occupied parts of the Papal State. The pope was probably bestowing an honour on them for that loyal service by letting Raphael portray some of their important representatives in the fresco, thus giving them pride of place in his audience chamber.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Mass at Bolsena (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Prime Mover
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1509-11 Fresco, 120 x 105 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The figure bending in a beautiful scorcio over the celestial globe is a masterly example of perspective. Philosophically, this figure can be seen as an allegory of the beginning of the universe, but it might also be an embodiment of the science of astronomy. The constellation on the globe can be calculated exactly: the night of 31 October 1503, the date that Julius II was elected pope.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Prime Mover (ceiling panel) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Apollo and Marsyas
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1509-11 Fresco, 120 x 105 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The shepherd Marsyas had challenged the god Apollo to a musical contest. Marsyas lost and as a punishment for daring to challenge a god he was flayed alive. The scene is an allegory of divine harmony triumphing over earthly passion. With its unrhythmical composition and its elongated figures, this scene is probably by an unknown hand, and not by Raphael.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Apollo and Marsyas (ceiling panel) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : mythological
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Judgment of Solomon
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1510-11 Fresco, 120 x 105 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The story from the Old Testament tells how two women came to Solomon to settle a dispute about which one was the mother of a child. When Solomon ordered the baby to be cut in half, one of the women agreed to give up the child. Solomon recognized her as the true mother. The man holding the sword derives from a classical figure, either Castor or Pollux from the Quirinal, an ancient Roman palace.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Judgment of Solomon (ceiling panel) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Adam and Eve
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1509-11 Fresco, 120 x 105 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican This portrayal of the Fall is generally attributed to Raphael. Standing in a distinct contrapposto pose, Eve recalls the figure of Leda in a study by Leonardo da Vinci - Raphael made a drawing of this while he was in Florence.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Adam and Eve (ceiling panel) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Liberation of St Peter
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1514 Fresco, width at base 660 cm Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The story in the New Testament says that King Herod took Peter prisoner and intended to have him killed. In prison the Apostle was chained to two guards, but an angel of the Lord freed him despite the close watch. The fresco is dated 1514 on two painted tablets in the picture. The composition of this fresco clearly reflects the order and unity of the Mass of Bolsena. But the story is broken down into three distinct episodes, taken from the Acts of the Apostles. The first shows the dismay of the guards; the second the appearance of the Angel of Freedom in the saint's cell; the third, the bewildered Peter led by the hand of the divine messenger. The barred cell is on an upper level (like the altar in the Mass) and is reached by steps to the left and right. A group of agitated figures occupies the stairway at the left. Here, a soldier - whose armor reflects the light of the moon asks his sleepy and bewildered comrades what is going on. At right, the angel leads the stunned and still-sleepy St Peter past another sleeping guard. Here, for the first time, Raphael attempts a "night effect", using both the natural light of the moon and the autonomous light of the angel. Raphael's assistants played a greater role in painting the Eliodoro cycle than in the Stanza della Segnatura. This is clearly a consequence of the growing number of commissions which the Romans granted to Raphael. The hand of Giulio Romano, one of his most faithful pupils, is visible in the episode showing the Liberation of St Peter. This painting is the last fresco that can be attributed to Raphael with any certainty. The large cycles which follow (except for the Sibyls of Santa Maria della Pace) were entrusted mainly to assistants.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Liberation of St Peter Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Liberation of St Peter
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1514 Fresco, width of detail: 235 cm Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The story in this fresco is broken down into three distinct episodes, taken from the Acts of the Apostles. The second (in the centre) shows the appearance of the Angel of Freedom in the saint's cell.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Liberation of St Peter (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Vision of the Cross
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1520-24 Fresco Stanza di Constantino, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The view of the "Tomb-pyramid of Romulus", which is no longer there, and the so-called Citadel of Sant'Angelo together with the bridge of Sant'Angelo, is an example of Raphael's interest in ancient Rome. The view Raphael has chosen more or less matches the view he had of Rome in 1520 from his Vatican loggie, which are located right behind the wall painted with the fresco. The Citadel of Sant'Angelo appears to be Raphael's reconstruction of the original ancient building, the erstwhile Hadrian Mausoleum, as it might have looked in the days of Emperor Constantine. By depicting this view of ancient Rome, Raphael is suggesting to anyone viewing that fresco that Constantine experienced his vision in the precise place where the Vatican State is now located. By this means Raphael was able to confirm in a very subtle manner, that the Popes had established themselves in Rome - more specifically - in the Vatican.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Vision of the Cross (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : historical
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Cardinal Virtues
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1511 Fresco, width at the base 660 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The lunette above the scenes Justinian Presenting the Pandects to Trebonianus (left) and Gregory IX Approving the Decretals (right) represents the Cardinal Virtues. Fortitude can be recognized by her attribute, the lion; Wisdom, who has two faces, by her mirror; and Temperance by the reins. Fortitude is holding an oak branch, a reference to the pope's family name, Rovere, meaning "oak."Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Cardinal Virtues Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Ceiling
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1513-14 Fresco Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican The four great paintings on the ceiling show scenes from the Old Testament, the theme being God's intervention at a critical moment in Man's destiny: Moses and the Burning Bush is above the fresco The Expulsion of Heliodorus; Isaac's Sacrifice of his Son is above The Mass at Bolsena; Noah's Dream is above The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila; and Jacob's Ladder is above The Liberation of St Peter.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Ceiling Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Justinian Presenting the Pandects to Trebonianus
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1511 Fresco Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, VaticanArtist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Justinian Presenting the Pandects to Trebonianus (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : historical
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Gregory IX Approving the Decretals
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1511 Fresco, width at base 220 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican This scene is based on a dedication picture of the kind often found in manuscript illumination. What is unusual is that Pope Julius II allowed himself to be portrayed as Pope Gregory IX. His beard helps the dating of the fresco since it is known that after the autumn of 1511 he never shaved again. Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, later to be Leo X, is standing on the pope's far left.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Gregory IX Approving the Decretals Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Decoration of the Loggetta
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1516-17 Fresco Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican Raphael decorated Bibbiena's loggetta in the style of newly-discovered ancient Roman ornamental forms - the walls and ceilings are adorned with grotesques, open areas and geometric ornaments. The artist has depicted mythological scenes in the lunettes, as well as allegories of the four seasons in the recesses. Raphael himself was probably responsible for the overall design and for some of the figure studies. That said, the final decorative work would have been undertaken by his studio associates, Francesco Penni, Giulio Romano and Giovanni da Udine.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Decoration of the Loggetta Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : interior
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
La Disputa
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1510-11 Fresco, width of detail: 225 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, VaticanArtist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: La Disputa (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
La Disputa
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1510-11 Fresco, width of detail: 57 cm Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, VaticanArtist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: La Disputa (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
The Adoration of the Magi
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1502-03 Oil on canvas, 27 x 150 cm Pinacoteca, Vatican Extant drawings demonstrate the tremendous amount of thought which Raphael put into the realization of the Oddi Altarpiece and some details, notably the highly individual faces of the Apostles and the serene landscape in the background, are quite masterful. But the most meaningful passages are found in the predella scenes: the vast space which opens out beneath the colonnades of the Annunciation; the highly animated Adoration of the Magi; and the free quality of the atmosphere in the Presentation in the Temple, which foreshadows the extraordinary spatial intuition of some of the artist's future Vatican compositions.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: The Adoration of the Magi (Oddi altar) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints
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Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints 1504-05 Tempera and gold on wood, 172,4 x 172,4 cm (main panel) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This is the main panel and lunette from a relatively early work by Raphael, also known as the Colonna Altarpiece, painted for the convent of Sant'Antonio da Padova at Perugia. He began the work when he was barely 20 years old, just before he left for Florence in 1504, and he completed it the following year after he returned to Perugia. The influence of his teacher Perugino can be seen in the conservative composition. Nevertheless, Raphael has infused into the stiffly posed group a breadth and dignity that reflects his knowledge of the work of Fra Bartolommeo in Florence. Particularly beautiful is the way the figures fill the curved shape of the lunette. Flanking the Madonna and Child with the infant Saint John the Baptist are Saints Peter, Catherine, Cecilia(?), and Paul.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Portrait of a Woman
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1507 Oil on wood, 64 x 48 cm Galleria Nazionale, Urbino The female portrait known as The Mute Woman represents a return to the influence of Leonardo. It certainly comes from the Florentine environment, for it was given in trust to the National Gallery of the Marches by the Uffizi, where it had been stored for several hundred years. It was attributed to Raphael only recently. Leonardo inspires mainly the pose of the figure (whose characteristically crossed hands constitute a very clear reference to the Mona Lisa). The neatness of the large areas of colour which emerge in lighter tones from the near-black background, and the analytical treatment of the details of the woman's clothing are characteristic of Raphael. The dispersive effect of this attention to detail is fully compensated by the tones of colour - used here in a fairly limited range - which unify the composition as a whole.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Portrait of a Woman (La Muta) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : portrait
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Theological Virtues
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1507 Oil on wood, 16 x 44 cm (each) Pinacoteca, Vatican The three compositions (Faith, Hope and Charity), executed in a delicate monochrome, formed the predella belonging to the Entombment now in the Borghese Gallery, Rome. Both the main panel and the predella were carried from Perugia to Rome by Pope Paul V. They were replaced by copies in 1608.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Theological Virtues Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : mythological
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Madonna and Child
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1508 Oil on wood, 81 x 57 cm National Gallery of Art, Washington The dominance of the lyrical and graceful aspect of this painting (known also as The Niccolini-Cowper Madonna) over the religious content mark it as belonging to Raphael's Florentine period, 1505-08. In fact this panel, signed and dated 1508, was executed near the end of Raphael's stay in Florence. The date 1508 and the artist's monogram "RV" have been worked into the embroidery of the Virgin's robe. The title derives from the names of two former owners. The full, well-formed figures reveal an early influence of Michelangelo, while the soft modeling and the use of chiaroscuro reveal the influence of Leonardo. Fra Bartolomeo's influence is particularly clear. The composition is extremely simple and essential; the gesture of the Child, who stretches his hand toward the Virgin while turning his attention toward the spectator, and the gesture with which the Virgin holds the hand to her breast, provide the only signs of life. The sentiment of anxious motherhood which, enriched by greater awareness, will be fully expressed in the Tempi Madonna, now in the Alte Pinakothek of Munich, appears here for the first time.Artist:RAFFAELLO Sanzio Title: Madonna and Child (The Large Cowper Madonna) Painted in 1501-1550 , Italian - - painting : religious
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RAFFAELLO Sanzio
Italian High Renaissance Painter, 1483-1520
Italian painter and architect. As a member of Perugino's workshop, he established his mastery by 17 and began receiving important commissions. In 1504 he moved to Florence, where he executed many of his famous Madonnas; his unity of composition and suppression of inessentials is evident in The Madonna of the Goldfinch (c. 1506). Though influenced by Leonardo da Vinci's chiaroscuro and sfumato, his figure types were his own creation, with round, gentle faces that reveal human sentiments raised to a sublime serenity. In 1508 he was summoned to Rome to decorate a suite of papal chambers in the Vatican. The frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura are probably his greatest work; the most famous, The School of Athens (1510 C 11), is a complex and magnificently ordered allegory of secular knowledge showing Greek philosophers in an architectural setting. The Madonnas he painted in Rome show him turning away from his earlier work's serenity to emphasize movement and grandeur, partly under Michelangelo's High Renaissance influence. The Sistine Madonna (1513) shows the richness of colour and new boldness of compositional invention typical of his Roman period. He became the most important portraitist in Rome, designed 10 large tapestries to hang in the Sistine Chapel, designed a church and a chapel, assumed the direction of work on St. Peter's Basilica at the death of Donato Bramante,
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