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Albrecht Durer
The Prodigal Son among the Swine
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1497-98 Pen, 217 x 219 mm British Museum, London The sheet, which is cut at top and bottom, is a preliminary drawing for the (also undated) copperplate engraving, which may be assigned to 1497-98. In the engraving the houses were brought lower, the figures were brought closer together, and the best pig (the one with its feet in the trough) was omitted. The praying swineherd, whose bodily articulation is not easily discernible even in the drawing (the springing of the left leg!) became more unclear in the engraving. Such cases are important for the proper evaluation of the more mature master's efforts for complete clarity of representation.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Prodigal Son among the Swine Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Head of an Angel
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1506 Brush drawing on blue Venetian paper, 270 x 208 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna There are a total of 22 preliminary studies, every one of which can be considered an autonomous work of art, in which D?rer prepared the Feast of the Rose Garlands (National Gallery, Prague). The head of the lute-playing angel by the Madonna's feet is a masterpiece of drawing. The technique of the brush drawing with white highlights on blue paper was one D?rer became acquainted with in Venice. The interplay of white and dark parallel and cross-hatchings which gently follow the curves of the face create the plastic effect of the light and dark shades.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Head of an Angel Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Nuremberg Woman Dressed for Church
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1500 Pen and ink and watercolour on paper, 325 x 218 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna D?rer, who seems to have dressed well himself, was always interested in depicting clothing and he produced some of the earliest known costume studies in European art. This is one of a set of four costume studies of Nuremberg women, two of them in dancing dresses and one in everyday attire. The artist's wife Agnes; then in her mid-twenties, was probably the model. The watercolour is inscribed: `This is how people dress for church in Nuremberg' along with the text `Think of me in Thy Realm'. Dressed in her best clothes for church, the demure young woman wears a red cloak with a green lining and beneath this is a blue-green dress fringed with white fur. She has a starched linen headdress. Her eyes look down at the ground, in a contemplative pose. Four years later D?rer used this study in his woodcut of the Marriage of the Virgin. The Nuremberg woman appears at the right of the print, in reverse, as one of the seven virgins who were Mary's companions.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Nuremberg Woman Dressed for Church Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
St Jerome in His Study
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1511 Pen, 190 x 151 mm Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan Preliminary study for the woodcut, in which the composition is further simplified and compressed, a large white curtain of diagonal contour playing a decisive role in the change.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Jerome in His Study Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Male and Female Nudes
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1516 Pen, 258 x 225 mm St?delsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt (The significance of the action has not yet been convincingly explained.) This is a drawing of great lightness with open, quite transparent patches of strokes. The line that characterizes the form is completely absorbed in ornamental beauty. In the background, behind the lower third of the height of the figures, there is an area of parallel horizontal lines ?a feature that recurs elsewhere.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Male and Female Nudes Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Self-Portrait at 13
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1484 Silverpoint on paper, 275 x 196 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna At the age of 13, D?rer created the earliest self-portrait of an artist at so young an age. Using silverpoint, the features of D?rer with which we are familiar from later self-portraits, though still rather childlike here, are depicted with gentle strokes. Like one of Martin Schongauer's Late Gothic angels in depictions of the Annunciation, the boy is also pointing to the right. His left hand is concealed beneath his sleeve, thus suggesting that this self-portrait was painted in front of a mirror.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Self-Portrait at 13 Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Study of an Architect
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1506 Brush and ink heightened with white on paper, 386 x 262 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin D?rer worked very hard on the Altarpiece of the Rose Garlands, and no less than 22 of his studies for the work have survived. These include a sketch of an architect holding a set square, probably Hieronymous of Augsburg. He is dressed in black at the far right of the painting, near the front. Hieronymous was then working on the reconstruction of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the Germans' trading house in Venice which had been destroyed by fire in 1505.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Study of an Architect Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Male Nude with a Glass and Snake
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so-called Asclepius c. 1500 Pen drawing, green ink, 325 x 205 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This pen drawing of the so-called Asclepius, the classical god of medicine, is one of D?rer's earliest studies of proportion. The design sketch proves that the figure was originally laid out as a study of proportion. The muscular detail of the body is similar to that of Adam in the copper engraving dating from 1504.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Male Nude with a Glass and Snake, so-called Asclepius Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Self-Portrait with a Bandage
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1491-92 Pen drawing on paper, back side, 204 x 208 mm Graphische Sammlung der Universit?tsbibliothek, Erlangen D?rer's self portrait with a bandage presumably dates from the first period of his journeys; it was sketched with rapid strokes, and D?rer's face with his inquiring gaze stands out. The hand gesture is reminiscent of the tradition of depictions of Christ suffering, of melancholy and sleep. An interpretation of melancholy fits in most readily with a self portrait in this manner.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Self-Portrait with a Bandage Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
The Virgin Nursing the Child
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1512 Charcoal, 418 x 288 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna (The sheet is drastically cut at the right and the bottom.) This can scarcely be considered as a preliminary study for a painting; on the contrary, it is an independent drawing par excellence, with a great deal of curly and distinct linear movement. It is clear from this how incompletely the tortured motif of the 1512 painting of the Virgin (Vienna) reveals the artist's general frame of mind in this period.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Virgin Nursing the Child Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
The Virgin among a Multitude of Animals
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1503 Pen and ink and watercolour on paper, 321 x 243 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna The Virgin holds the Christ child, who ignores the natural wonders around him and points towards Joseph. The small figure of Joseph stands near the house and he appears to be conversing with a stork. A closer examination reveals that many incidents from the story of the Nativity are being told. An angel swoops down from the sky to give news of Christ's arrival to shepherds tending their flocks on the hillside. On the left side of the picture, the ships of the three Kings have arrived and the Magi are setting off with their retinues. This charming picture is distinguished from countless depictions of the Nativity by the wonders of nature which D?rer has included. The parrot, perched on the pole by the Virgin's side, was the prophet which announced her arrival. D?rer drew this bird from an earlier study. The artist loved parrots and he later acquired several live specimens on his trip to the Netherlands in 1521. Just beneath the parrot in the watercolour is a green woodpecker, ready to hammer out a song of praise. In the bottom left corner a large stag beetle teases the Virgin's faithful but sleepy dog and a butterfly has gently alighted on its back. All the creatures have a meaning. The chained fox is a symbol of evil. The two owls around the tree stump represent the forces of darkness, but Christ's appearance has deprived them of their power. In the bottom right corner is a crab, like the one which D?rer painted on his first visit to Venice. Among other creatures are a snail, a dragonfly, a pair of swans, a robin, a moth and a water wagtail. D?rer has delicately added colour wash to his pen and ink drawing, blue for the sky and water, a range of greens for the landscape and traces of red for the flowers. The resulting work is extremely delicate, portraying the Virgin and Child with great tenderness and a touch of humour. Two other versions of this picture exist and the composition may well have been intended as a study for a proposed engraving.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Virgin among a Multitude of Animals Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Study of Hands
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1506 Pen and ink heightened with white on paper, 206 x 185 mm Blasius Collection, Braunschweig D?rer's painting Christ among the Doctors (1506, Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid) was based on a number of careful studies, including this one of Christ's gesticulating fingers.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Study of Hands Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Knight on Horseback
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1512 Drawing, 239 x 173 mm Biblioteca Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan A preliminary study, drawn on both sides of the paper, for the masterly engraving of the Knight, Death and the Devil concentrates on the group comprising the horse and rider. From the proportional scheme drawn onto the sheet, it can be seen that D?rer precisely prepared the copper engraving in the same manner as his studies on the ideal proportions of the horse. While he did not change the depiction of the rider in the copper engravings, he altered details in the horse several times, for example correcting its right hind hoof both on the preliminary drawing and on the plate.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Knight on Horseback Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of Maximilian I
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1518 Charcoal and chalk on paper, 381 x 319 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna On 28 June 1518 D?rer had sketched Maximilian during the Imperial Diet at Augsburg. He inscribed the drawing: `This is Emperor Maximilian, whom I, Albrecht D?rer, portrayed up in his small chamber in the tower at Augsburg on the Monday after the feast day of John the Baptist in the year 1518.' In the relatively informal sketch D?rer captured a hint of the fatigued resignation of the 59 year-old ruler. The drawing has suffered: the colour added to the face by another hand is now washed out, but has left behind large disfiguring traces. This is a preliminary study for the paintings in Vienna and Nuremberg.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of Maximilian I Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Head of the Twelve Year Old Christ
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1506 Brush drawing on blue Venetian paper, 275 x 211 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna The head study of the twelve year-old Jesus was originally drawn on the same sheet, later separated, as the preliminary drawing of the lute-playing angel in the Feast of the Rose Garlands. This is confirmed by the fact that the two pictures were created at the same time. In contrast to the preliminary drawing for the Feast of the Rose Garlands, D?rer kept more rigidly to his preliminary study in the painting of Christ among the Doctors, diverging only in details such as the reproduction of the hair.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Head of the Twelve Year Old Christ Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of the Artist's Mother
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1514 Charcoal drawing on paper, 421 x 303 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin Two months before his mother's death, D?rer recorded her features in this famous drawing. The extreme naturalism of the portrait is a reference to the hard life the depicted woman had endured, for she had suffered from various illnesses and had given birth to 18 children, only three of which survived. While in the Middle Ages ugliness was equated solely with evil or death, here its function is mainly as a private record.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of the Artist's Mother Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Willibald Pirckheimer
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1503 Charcoal drawing, 282 x 208 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin In the portrait drawing of Willibald Pirckheimer, seen in profile looking to the left, D?rer was making use of a silver point drawing and "refined his friend's features without flattering him," as Panofsky stated. The famous humanist was a close friend and intimate of D?rer's. It is possible that D?rer was stimulated to produce this profile portrait by ancient imperial coins, though it is also possible that the drawing was used as a pattern by a medal maker.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Willibald Pirckheimer Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Studies of Self-Portrait
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Hand and Pillow 1493 Pen and ink on paper, 28 x 20 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This sketched self-portrait was on the reverse of the painted self-portrait of 1493, now in the Mus?e du Louvre, Paris. It could well have been an early study for the oil painting.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Studies of Self-Portrait, Hand and Pillow Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Side, Front, and Back View of a Helmet
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1503 Pen, 422 x 268 mm Mus?e du Louvre, Paris The date 1514 is false. D?rer apparently owned the helmet. The side view was used in the 1503 copperplate engraving "The Coat-of-arms of Death," the front view in the engraving (to be dated not much later) "Coat-of-arms with a Rooster."Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Side, Front, and Back View of a Helmet Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
The Madonna and Child with a Music-making Angel
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1519 Pen, 305 x 210 mm Royal Collection, Windsor There are only slight differences in tone, but an impression of richness is achieved by the very economical variation in direction of the areas of linear shading.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Madonna and Child with a Music-making Angel Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Death of Orpheus
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1494 Pen drawing, 289 x 225 mm Kunsthalle, Hamburg This drawing is probably derived from a painting by Andrea Mantegna, whose printed graphics D?rer copied. Mantegna in his turn was using Greco-Roman models. This landscape, the details of the drapery folds and the handling of the line in general are worked out in a quite independent fashion. The centre of the picture is the male nude in motion. According to the Metamorphoses by the classical author Ovid (43 B.C.-17/18 A.D.), Orpheus introduced homosexual love to Thrace and for that reason is beaten to death by two Thracian women during a bacchanal. The group of figures is placed before a central tree in which an open book with music is hanging. The classical singer's lyre is lying at his feet. In the tree a banderole with legends: "Orfeus der erst puseran" (Orpheus, the first pederast). The woman at the left and the boy were used by D?rer a few years later in the engraving known as "Jealousy" (more correctly "Chastity and Unchastity").Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Death of Orpheus Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
Study of an Apostle's Hands
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1508 Brush drawing on blue primed paper, 290 x 197 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna Several individual studies made for the destroyed altarpiece commissioned by the Frankfurt merchant and councilman Jakob Heller still survive. The so-called Praying Hands were a preliminary study for an apostle. Removed from their original context, they have been viewed as an autonomous work of art and have become enormously popular. In the 19th and 20th centuries in particular, numerous reproductions of the Praying Hands have graced the walls of middle-class homes as an embodiment and symbol of German piety.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Study of an Apostle's Hands (Praying Hands) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Adam and Eve
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1504 Pen drawing with watercolours, 242 x 201 mm The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York D?rer prepared his masterly engraving of Adam and Eve in numerous individual studies. This pen drawing was created immediately before the copper engraving and concentrates entirely on the depiction and three-dimensional structure of the male and female nudes. The body posture of the two figures shown here is already identical down to the last detail with that of the copper engraving.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Adam and Eve Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
mein Agnes
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1494 Pen drawing in bistre on white paper, 156 x 98 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna When D?rer finally returned to Nuremberg in May 1494 he was 23, fully-trained and could open his own workshop. Albrecht the Elder had felt it was time for his son to marry and had chosen a wife during his long absence. On 7 July, just a few weeks after his return, D?rer was married to Agnes Frey, the daughter of the skilled and prosperous coppersmith Hans Frey and his wife Anna Rummel. It was probably just before their wedding that D?rer sketched his fianc?e, then in her late teens. Capturing her pensive mood with just a few strokes of the pen, D?rer lovingly inscribed it: `My Agnes'. Agnes, who still appears girlish, even childlike, here, is sitting at a table and supporting her head pensively on her right hand, her hair tied back. The intimacy of this everyday sketch is unusual, showing the depicted woman at a moment when she evidently thought herself to be unobserved.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: "mein Agnes" Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Hand Study with Bible - Drawing
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280 x 120 mm Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, MunichArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Hand Study with Bible Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Seated Woman
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1514 Pen, 217 x 162 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This is a drawing from a model. Hans Sebald Beham later handled such figures in woodcut style. D?rer's genre pieces are copperplate engravings, but this drawing was not so used.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Seated Woman Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Study of Drapery
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1508 Brush drawing on a dark ground with white highlight, 400 x 235 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This drawing, a study for the figure of St Paul in the Heller Altar, is a primary example of the monumental drapery of the middle period. The contrast with Gr?newald should be borne in mind: in D?rer, the light and shade are entirely subservient to the plastic form; in Gr?newald, they create a general, unseizable movement that extends beyond the surfaces and blends the figure into the background.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Study of Drapery Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of a Girl
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1515 Charcoal, 420 x 290 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin It has been conjectured that the girl, whose eyes are not open equally wide and who has a somewhat sleepy expression, was a relative of D?rer's wife.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of a Girl Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Green Passion: Christ before Caiaphas
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1504 Pen drawing on green primed paper, 283 x 178 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna The Green Passion, so named after the green primed paper, consists of twelve sheets, the purpose of which is not known. It has been assumed that they were used as preliminary sketches for stained glass windows. Like the other pictures, the sheet of Christ before Caiaphas distinguishes itself through its fine white highlights which achieve a magical plasticity and dramatic lighting - as was created by the "clair-obscur" technique - in their harmony with the green base colour of the scene. Christ and Pilate, the two antagonists in the foreground, are positioned opposite each other and emphasized both by the lighting and the architecture.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Green Passion: Christ before Caiaphas Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Apollo with the Solar Disc
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1504 Pen, 285 x 202 mm British Museum, London The full title: Apollo with the Solar Disc and Diana Trying to Shield Herself from the Rays with Her Uplifted Hand. This variation on the Adam of the 1504 copperplate engraving was also conceived originally as a print, but was not engraved. The Adam of the print is more felicitous because of the contrast supplied by the turning of his head away from his extended free leg. The present drawing is finished to a great extent but not yet fully refined. The celestial background, rich in painterly effect, was added at a later stage. The original purpose was the depiction of the male figure alone, who represented the planetary god Sol. The rendering of the sun's rays is extremely noteworthy. The word "Apolo," written backwards with a view toward the engraving, is probably a substitute for the earlier name Sol; this would explain the conspicuous incongruity of the inscription and the space allotted to it.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Apollo with the Solar Disc Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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