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Albrecht Durerb.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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Albrecht Durer
St Eustace
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1501 Engraving, 355 x 259 mm Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge The print is often erroneously called "St Hubert." This is D?rer's largest single-leaf copper engraving. He frequently sold impressions of it or gave them away as presents during his journey to the Netherlands. The legend of St Eustace is narrated in the Legenda aurea and is freely adapted in D?rer's picture. The Roman officer Placidus was converted to Christianity by a vision of a stag who spoke with the voice of Christ and carried a crucifix in its antlers, and he then took the name of Eustace. Here, the scene is taking place in the middle of a forest landscape, next to a pond. The statue-like depiction of the horse and the greyhounds, which are shown in five different body positions, shows that D?rer was more interested in reproducing proportions than in creating a precisely detailed account of the Christian legend. D?rer carefully avoided any overlapping of the animals. In this end and other details this print is closely related to Pisanello's painting of the same subject (National Gallery, London). The unusually large size of the plate appears to have caused some difficulty in printing. Even some of the best impressions have some squeezed lines near the edges. There are impressions on satin, all posthumous, at Coburg, Boston, Vienna, Gotha and Frankfurt.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Eustace Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Nemesis or Good Fortune
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1502 Engraving, 332 x 232 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe This engraving was created between 1501 and 1503 and was one of D?rer's main large format engravings. The female figure is derived from the poem Manto by the Italian poet and humanist Poliziano, which D?rer presumably became acquainted with when studying in the library of his humanist friend, Willibald Pirckheimer. The poem combines the goddesses of Revenge and Fate. The female shape is floating along above the clouds on a globe and with eagle wings, holding a goblet in her right hand and bridle in her left. She is the result of D?rer's studies of Vitruvius' proportions. Copies of this print were frequently given as presents by D?rer during his trip to the Netherlands during 1520-21. Vasari describes it as "a nude figure floating in the clouds, representing Temperance, with magnificent wings, a golden cup and reins in her hands." The reins signify restraint from temptation that should be exercised by man; the sphere uncertainty. The figure is proportioned according to the canon of Vitruvius. The landscape below has been identified as the village of Klausen (Chiusa) in the Valle d'Isarco in the Tyrol, which lay on D?rer's route of travel to Venice.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Nemesis or Good Fortune Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
Apollo and Diana
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1502 Engraving, 115 x 70 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Closely related to the very similar engraving by Jacopo de Barbari. In no other plate, except Adam and Eve is there such delicate modelling of the flesh. The contrast of male and female is emphasized by the introduction of movement. The head of Diana is almost identical to the one in the drawing Woman Riding a Dolphin, dated 1503. The D of the monogram shows a correction.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Apollo and Diana Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna on a Grassy Bench
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1503 Engraving, 115 x 70 mm Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge Except for The Four Witches, this is the first of D?rer's engravings to bear a date. Henceforth he dated them consistently. Vasari remarks that D?rer here "surpassed Martin Schongauer, as well as himself." This engraving, based on a preparatory drawing, is the most sensitive of the early Madonnas, quite in the convivial style of the Life of the Virgin woodcut series.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna on a Grassy Bench Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Adoration
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1524 Pen, 215 x 294 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna Perhaps this is a study for the introductory piece of the last, uncompleted, Passion woodcut series. The nobility of the composition is combined with a truly radiant beauty of line.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Adoration of the Wise Man Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Betrayal of Christ
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1508 Engraving, 118 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 3 of the Engraved Passion. St Peter, striking Malchus, seems to take the spotlight away from Christ. The head of Malchus is strongly reminiscent of that in a Schongauer's engraving. The episode in the background, showing a fleeing youth, represents the rarely illustrated passage Mark 14:51-52, perhaps transmitted by Passion plays. The object underneath Malchus is a lantern, which he customarily carries in Passion plays. The emphasis is here shifted from the commotion of the arrest to the tragedy of the betrayal. Physical violence is limited to the duel between St Peter and Malchus. Christ, unconscious of the noose which threatens his neck, bends his head and closes his eyes to receive the kiss, as though Judas and he were alone in the universe. Closely related to the corresponding subject in the Green Passion.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Betrayal of Christ (No. 3) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Iris
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1503 Brush, pen, ink, watercolour and body-colour, height: 77cm Kunsthalle, Bremen The flower (Iris trojana, formerly Iris germanica) was konown in the 15th century only in Venice. D?rer was probably inspired by the sketchbook of Jacopo Bellini during his fist stay in Venice.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Iris Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
The Negress Katherina
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1521 Silverpoint drawing on paper, 20 x 14 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence D?rer drew the Negress Katherina, the servant of the Portuguese factor Jo?o Brand?o in Antwerp, when she was aged "20 Jar," according to the handwritten note. The portrait drawing is part of a group of works that were created for reasons of personal interest. The portrayed woman is gazing directly at the observer. The curves of her face are modeled with fine lines and cross-hatchings.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Negress Katherina Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Coat-of-Arms with a Skull
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1503 Engraving, 220 x 156 mm Art Institute, Chicago This engraving is not mentioned in D?rer's diary of his trip to the Low Countries in 1520/21. The subject seems to be connected with the Bavarian War of 1503. Duke George the Rich had died that year without male issue. Contrary to Imperial law, he left his lands to his daughter. This led to the War of the Bavarian Succession, in which the city of Nuremberg was deeply involved. Her army captured much of the surrounding territory and Nuremberg became the largest of the "free cities" of the Empire. This engraving appears to be an allegory of this war, which ended badly for the ill-advised titled lady. The Emperor deprived her of her lands, while Nuremberg was permitted to retain the conquered territory.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Coat-of-Arms with a Skull Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Satyr Family
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1505 Engraving, 115 x 70 mm Art Institute, Chicago Formerly erroneously called Pan and Syrinx or Birth of Adonis, this print is based on Lucian's description of a painting by Zeuxis. It was probably conceived as a companion piece to Apollo and Diana. The engraving is developed from the drawing Centauress Nursing her Young. The instrument played by the satyr is a Platterspiel, a reed instrument equipped with a bladder similar to that of a bagpipe. The scene is staged in a forest even denser than that of Adam and Eve.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Satyr Family Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
St George on Horseback
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1505 (completed 1508) Engraving, 110 x 86 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York The last work before D?rer's sudden departure on a second trip to Venice in order to escape the Great Plague. This engraving was probably almost complete because the date 1505 had already been engraved in the plate. It was subsequently corrected to read 1508. The background is deliberately reduced in scale for sake of contrast and any indication of a landscape is omitted. D?rer in this engraving sought to combine the monumentality of The Large Horse with the elegance of The Small Horse. Pictured from behind, this unusual stance effectively conveys a feeling of pause before the saintly warrior forges ahead to further defend the Faith. It was also used in the Ober St. Veit Altarpiece, which was completed in D?rer's workshop during his absence in Italy.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St George on Horseback Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Annunciation
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1526 Pen drawing, 288 x 211 mm Mus?e Cond? ChantillyArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Annunciation Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Christ before Caiaphas
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1512 Engraving, 117 x 74 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 4 of the Engraved Passion. The ceiling, in this instance, gives the engraving a feeling of architectural enclosure, quite in contrast to other subjects of the series. The ceiling beams are directed toward the vanishing point on the left. This serves to emphasize the dialogue between Christ and Caiaphas, which is further enhanced by the lighting. The guardsman on the right seems Leonardesque. This engraving is based on the corresponding subject in the Green Passion. The main figures, especially the deceitful Caiaphas, are drawn in a masterly manner.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Christ before Caiaphas (No. 4) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of a Young Man
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1521 Charcoal drawing on paper, 378 x 211 mm British Museum, London One of the portraits drawn sweepingly with charcoal during the journey to the Netherlands is this portrait of a young man whose identity has not yet been established. The scene is tightly framed, the bust of the portrayed man is moved right into the foreground, causing the wide cap to be cut off by the edges of the picture. His fashionable hat shows off to advantage the character head with the broad cheek bones and sensuous lips, which are depicted with great precision and delicacy.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of a Young Man Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Study of a Man Aged
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1521 Brush drawing on gray violet primed paper, 415 x 282 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna D?rer prepared the painting of St Jerome (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon) in several sketches. His model was a 93 year-old man from Antwerp. In this naturalistic brush drawing, the old man is already leaning his head on his hand, but in contrast with the painting is engrossed in his studies. In a handwritten note above the picture D?rer informs us that: "The man was 93 years old and still healthy."Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Study of a Man Aged 93 Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Christ before Pilate
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1512 Engraving, 117 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 5 of the Engraved Passion. The false witness is pointing at Christ. The close relationship of this engraving to the Green Passion has been noted by most commentators. Nevertheless, it has recently been asserted that the Green Passion sheets may have been based on the engravings and executed by Hans von Kulmbach. This high degree of similarity of the two renderings casts great doubt on the authenticity of the Green Passion sheet.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Christ before Pilate (No. 5) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Five Male Nudes
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185 x 195 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This drawing, in woodcut style, may have been a study for a Resurrection.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Five Male Nudes Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Sudarium Displayed by Two Angels
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1513 Engraving, 102 x 140 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York D?rer mentions this engraving in his diary of the journey to the Netherlands on two occasions, August 19 and August 20, 1520, when he gave copies away as presents. He refers to it as "Veronicam." It is one of the very few D?rer engravings in horizontal format. It is the crowning representation of the Passion series. The new face of Christ, created by D?rer, appears here in its purest form. The features of the Saviour bear an unmistakable resemblance to D?rer's own. Definitely heraldic in character, the angels are balanced with almost perfect symmetry, yet subtly differentiated in pose and gesture. The Holy Face fastens its eyes on the beholder with hypnotic intensity. The likeness of Christ served as the basis for a large woodcut sometimes attributed to Hans Sebald Beham.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Sudarium Displayed by Two Angels Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of Erasmus
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1520 Charcoal on paper, 37 x 27 cm Mus?e du Louvre, Paris In Brussels D?rer met Erasmus, the humanist scholar, and sketched his portrait which six years later he would use as the basis for an engraving. Born in Rotterdam in 1469, Desiderius Erasmus was the greatest European scholar of the 16th century. Using the philological methods pioneered by Italian humanists, he helped lay the groundwork for the historical-critical study of the past, especially in his studies of the Greek New Testament and the Church Fathers. His educational writings contributed to the replacement of the older scholastic curriculum by the new humanist emphasis on the classics. By criticizing ecclesiastical abuses, while pointing to a better age in the distant past, he encouraged the growing urge for reform, which found expression both in the Protestant Reformation and in the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Finally, his independent stance in an age of fierce confessional controversy - rejecting both Luther's doctrine of predestination and the powers that were claimed for the papacy - made him a target of suspicion for loyal partisans on both sides and a beacon for those who valued liberty more than orthodoxy.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of Erasmus Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Head of St Mark
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1526 Chalk with white highlights, 373 x 265 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This is a study for the Apostle in the great Munich painting. In its expression of spiritual excitement the head in this drawing is decidedly superior to the one in the painting. Tossing briskly, the locks of hair continue the theme of movement. At the same time, the natural appearance of the hair seems to have been oddly neglected in the rendering ("pretzel locks"). Drawings of this type, in very large format and only superficially finished, do not occur in the earlier period.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Head of St Mark Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Knight, Death and the Devil
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1513 Engraving, 245 x 188 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe During 1513 and 1514 D?rer created the greatest of his copperplate engravings: the Knight, St Jerome in His Study, and Melencolia I - all of approximately the same size. The extensive, complex, and often contradictory literature concerning these three engravings deals largely with their enigmatic, allusive, iconographic details. Although repeatedly contested, it probably must be accepted that the engravings were intended to be interpreted together. There is general agreement, however, that D?rer, in these three master engravings, wished to raise his artistic intensity to the highest level, which he succeeded in doing. Finished form and richness of conception and mood merge into a whole of classical perfection. Knight, Death and the Devil, also known as The Rider, represents an allegory on Christian salvation. Unflustered either by Death who is standing in front of him with his hour-glass, or by the Devil behind him, an armoured knight is riding along a narrow defile, accompanied by his loyal hound. This represents the steady route of the faithful, through all of life's injustice, to God who is symbolized by the castle in the background. The dog symbolizes faith, and the lizard religious zeal. The horse and rider, like other preliminary studies made by D?rer, are derived from the canon of proportions drawn up by Leonardo da Vinci.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Knight, Death and the Devil Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
Peasant Couple Dancing
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118 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York In spite of the elephantine stamping of their feet, the impression and the form are magnificent. The peasants are not shown sneeringly as earlier, but as a character study.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Peasant Couple Dancing Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : genre
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Albrecht Durer
The Bagpiper
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1514 Engraving, 115 x 74 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This is one of the best finished works of the artist. Like the Peasant Couple Dancing, the figure is depicted without any background or indication of the festivity for which he is playing.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Bagpiper Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : genre
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Albrecht Durer
St Jerome in his Study
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1514 Engraving, 259 x 201 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe St Jerome in his Study is stressing the contemplative rather than the active aspect of Christian life. The engraving shows the translator of the Bible deep in thought at his lectern, with the figure of the saint illuminated by sunlight streaming through the window panes into the cosy room. In front of St Jerome are the resting figures of his faithful lion and dog. A skull on the windowsill and an hourglass above the saint are reminders of the transience of life. The astonishing advance in D?rer's printmaking technique is evident when this engraving is compared with his early woodcut of the same subject. D?rer, according to the diary of his trip to the Netherlands during 1521-21, sold or gave away copies of this print more frequently than any of his others. It has been repeatedly asserted that this engraving was to be part of a projected series representing the four human temperaments. Only two others have been so far identified, Melencolia I, and Knight, Death and Devil. Although they correspond in size, D?rer never gave away all three as a set. Occasionally he gave away St Jerome and Melencolia I as a pair. In the last of the three master engravings, D?rer placed particular emphasis on the subtle differentiation of the material qualities of the objects, and the depiction of the interior according to the laws of central perspective, the converging lines of which terminate in the space to the right of the figure of the saint. The design is based on an exact plan of perspective. A certain degree of distortion is due to the fact that the vanishing point is placed close to the margin instead of the centre. This is a peculiarity that can be observed in other works by D?rer.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Jerome in his Study Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna by the Wall
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1514 Engraving, 149 x 101 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Critics call this the most perfect and rare of all of D?rer's engravings, assigning to it a special place among all of D?rer's plates. It is transitional from the technique of deep black lines to a more even-tempered, silvery mat texture. Its mood is almost tragic, akin to that of Melencolia I, perhaps because of the death of D?rer's mother, which occurred on May 14, 1514. Whereas the Madonna with the Monkey is pure black and white, the Madonna by the Wall shows a unique variety of texture resulting in a colouristic effect. The Madonna by the Wall represents a perfect coincidence of apparent opposites. Regal, virginal, yet humble and motherly. Its utmost precision of design is combined with incomparable softness of texture. The Infant Christ is here holding an apple (compare Madonna by the Tree). In the background appears the castle of Nuremberg, which D?rer could see from the windows of his house.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna by the Wall Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna and Child on a Stone Bench
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1520 Pen drawing, 135 x 87 mm Pushkin Museum, Moscow This pen drawing is a preliminary study of the group of figures in an engraving, and while it shows the Madonna with her hair down, the babe in arms and folds of her garments are already very similarly depicted. The background landscape shown in the copper engraving is still omitted here.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna and Child on a Stone Bench Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Christ Crowned with Thorns
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1512 Engraving, 118 x 74 mm Art Museum, Princeton Sheet No. 7 of the Engraved Passion. Christ is shown in profile, yet quite differently from the woodcut versions of this subject. This is richer and more picturesque. Nevertheless, greater clarity is not quite achieved. The similarity of the spatial arrangement to the Flagellation can be observed. Pilate is seen in the background, standing next to Caiaphas. The bald bearded man is reminiscent of Italian model heads.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Christ Crowned with Thorns (No. 7) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Walrus
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1521 Pen drawing with watercolours, 206 x 315 mm British Museum, London Throughout his life, D?rer was interested in oddities of nature. The walrus has pushed the front half of his body into the picture and is looking at the observer with his peculiarly glassy gaze; this has led to the suggestion that D?rer created the study from a chopped off walrus head or stuffed animal, and completed the rest from his imagination. The study was to be used as a detail in the altar painting of an enthroned Madonna and Child surrounded by eight saints and angels playing instruments, but this work was never produced. At the top left D?rer wrote: "Das dozig thyr van dem ich do das hawbt conterfett hab, ist gefange worden in der niderlendischen see und was XII ellen brawendisch mit f?r f?ssen" (The animal which I have drawn this picture of was captured in the Dutch Sea and was twelve cubits in size with four feet).Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Walrus Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna Crowned by Two Angels
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1518 Engraving, 148 x 100 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This is one of only two engravings of the period between 1514 and 1519. The Virgin is crowned with a wreath of roses and is holding an apple. In spite of its admirable style, it lacks warmth compared to earlier versions. The background is no longer picturesque but rather dry in its reality. D?rer made use of a much older preparatory study, originally sketched for the Heller Altarpiece, for the drapery of this engraving.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna Crowned by Two Angels Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg
new21/Albrecht Durer-386226.jpg
The Small Cardinal 1519 Engraving, 148 x 97 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe This engraving is one of six copper plate portraits of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, one of the most influential representatives of the empire. This portrait is based on a preparatory drawing which presumably dates from the time of D?rer's stay at Augsburg during the Imperial Diet of 1518. In a letter to Georg Spalatin, an adviser of Frederick the Wise, D?rer reports the circumstances: "I am enclosing three prints of an engraving for my gracious lord. It was engraved upon the request of my gracious lord of Mainz. I sent the copper plate to him together with two hundred impressions as a present. He then sent me most kindly two hundred gold guilders in return and twenty ells of damask for a coat." The plate was used subsequently to illustrate the book Das Heiligtum zu Sachsen, Halle, 1524. The portrayed man is placed before a screen. His erect posture, diagonal line of sight out of the picture, the coat of arms and the two inscriptions all emphasize the official nature of the portrait. The inscription above the portrait reads: "Albrecht by Divine Mercy Presbyter Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Titular of St. Chrysogonus, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, Primate Elector of the Empire, Administrator of Halberstadt, Margrave of Brandenburg." The legend on the bottom states: "Thus were his eyes, his cheeks, his features at the age of 29." Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg was born on June 28, 1490. He became Archbishop of Magdeburg in 1513, Archbishop of Mainz in 1514 and Cardinal in 1518. In 1514 Jacob Fugger of the wealthy trading house of Augsburg had advanced 21,000 ducats to Albrecht in order to secure for him the Archbishopric of Mainz, which entailed the electorship. The Pope authorized the sale of indulgences to reimburse the Fuggers, provided one half of the proceeds was turned over to the Papal treasury. An agent of the Fuggers subsequently traveled in the Cardinal's retinue in charge of the cashbox. It was Albrecht who appointed the Dominican Tetzel and thus indirectly caused Luther to post his 95 theses on the church doors at Wittenberg:.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg; or, The Small Cardinal Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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