Edouard Manet Detail of The Concert Painting ID:: 48690 new18/Edouard Manet-536525.jpg
Detail of The Concert mk191
Oil on canvas
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet Detail of Roadman on Belli Road Painting ID:: 48717 new18/Edouard Manet-557874.jpg
Detail of Roadman on Belli Road mk191
Oil on canvas
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet On the Beach,Boulogne-sur-Mer Painting ID:: 48976 new18/Edouard Manet-652583.jpg
On the Beach,Boulogne-sur-Mer mk192
1869
32x65cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet Manet-s Family at home in Arachon Painting ID:: 48977 new18/Edouard Manet-887832.jpg
Manet-s Family at home in Arachon mk192
39.4x53.7cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet Alabama and Kearsarge Painting ID:: 49291 new18/Edouard Manet-282349.jpg
Alabama and Kearsarge mk195
ca.1865
Oil on canvas
54x50
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet The Execution of Maximillian Painting ID:: 50018 new18/Edouard Manet-537343.jpg
The Execution of Maximillian mk206
about 1867-8
Oil on canvas
193x284cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet On the beach,Boulogne-sur-Mer Painting ID:: 50046 new18/Edouard Manet-694448.jpg
On the beach,Boulogne-sur-Mer mk206
about 1869
Oil on canvas
32x65cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Helene Rouart on her Father-s Knee Painting ID:: 50048 new18/Edouard Manet-935474.jpg
Helene Rouart on her Father-s Knee mk206
1871-2
Oil on canvas
63.5x74.9cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Olympia Painting ID:: 50817 new18/Edouard Manet-945254.jpg
Olympia mk214
1863
Oil on canvas
130x190cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet The Balcony Painting ID:: 50818 new18/Edouard Manet-823577.jpg
The Balcony mk214
1868-9
Oil on canvas
170x125cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet A bar at the folies-bergere Painting ID:: 50878 new18/Edouard Manet-494583.jpg
A bar at the folies-bergere mk216
in the 1860-s manet fought a lone battle against the artificiality and ssencimentality of official art in paris
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet Christ with Angels Painting ID:: 51668 new19/Edouard Manet-496655.jpg
Christ with Angels nn09
1864
Graphite,watercolor,gouacheand pen and india ink on paper
32x27cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Le Bon Bock Painting ID:: 51955 new19/Edouard Manet-573499.jpg
Le Bon Bock mk222
1873
94.6x83.3cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet The Absinthe Drinker Painting ID:: 51956 new19/Edouard Manet-266544.jpg
The Absinthe Drinker mk222
1859
180.5x105.6cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet The Cafe Concert Painting ID:: 51958 new19/Edouard Manet-382656.jpg
The Cafe Concert mk222
1878
46x38cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Man Reading Painting ID:: 51961 new19/Edouard Manet-644666.jpg
Man Reading mk222
1861
99.7x81.3cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet The Singer Faure as Hamlet Painting ID:: 51962 new19/Edouard Manet-579556.jpg
The Singer Faure as Hamlet mk222
1877
196x130cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet Garden Lane in Reuil Painting ID:: 51963 new19/Edouard Manet-764983.jpg
Garden Lane in Reuil mk222
1882
82x65cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Portrait of Henri Rochefort Painting ID:: 51966 new19/Edouard Manet-586536.jpg
Portrait of Henri Rochefort mk222
1881
81.5x66.5cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Stilleben with melon and peaches Painting ID:: 53893 new19/Edouard Manet-665455.jpg
Stilleben with melon and peaches mk234
about 1866
69x92cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Gare Saint-Lazare Painting ID:: 53894 new19/Edouard Manet-555782.jpg
Gare Saint-Lazare mk234
1873
94X115CM
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet The bar on the Folies-Bergere Painting ID:: 53895 new19/Edouard Manet-867924.jpg
The bar on the Folies-Bergere mk234
1882
97x130cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Madame Manet on a Divan Painting ID:: 53962 new19/Edouard Manet-925689.jpg
Madame Manet on a Divan mk235
1874
Oil on canvas
65x61cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Agenteuil Painting ID:: 53966 new19/Edouard Manet-324949.jpg
Agenteuil mk235
1874
Oil on canvas
148.9x115cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Nana Painting ID:: 53993 new19/Edouard Manet-373477.jpg
Nana mk235
1877
Oil on canvas
154x115cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet Plum Brandy Painting ID:: 53998 new19/Edouard Manet-347397.jpg
Plum Brandy mk235
c.1877/78
Oil on canvas
73.6x50.2cm
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet Bock drinkers Painting ID:: 54015 new19/Edouard Manet-349839.jpg
Bock drinkers mk235
1878
47.5x30.2cm
Oil on canvas
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $65
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $85
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $129
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $139
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $209
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $389
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $69
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $89
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $139
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $149
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $219
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$399
Edouard Manet The Waitress Painting ID:: 54016 new19/Edouard Manet-897497.jpg
The Waitress mk235
1878
77.5x65cm
Oil on canvas
Please Select Standard Painting Size
high quality:16x20 (40x51cm)
= $89
high quality:20x24 (51x61cm)
= $109
high quality:24x36 (61x91cm)
= $139
high quality:30x40 (76x102cm)
= $169
high quality:36x48 (91x122cm)
= $249
high quality:48x72 (122x182cm)
= $459
museum quality:16x20
(40x51cm) = $99
museum quality:20x24
(51x61cm) = $119
museum quality:24x36
(61x91cm) = $159
museum quality:30x40
(76x102cm) = $199
museum quality:36x48
(91x122cm) = $269
museum quality:48x72(122x182cm)=$469
Edouard Manet At the Cafe Painting ID:: 54017 new19/Edouard Manet-399575.jpg
At the Cafe mk235
1878
Oil on canvas
78x84cm
Next Artist
Edouard Manet
French Realist/Impressionist Painter, 1832-1883
The roughly painted style and photographic lighting in these works was seen as specifically modern, and as a challenge to the Renaissance works Manet copied or used as source material. His work is considered 'early modern', partially because of the black outlining of figures, which draws attention to the surface of the picture plane and the material quality of paint.
He became friends with the Impressionists Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Paul Cezanne, and Camille Pissarro, through another painter, Berthe Morisot, who was a member of the group and drew him into their activities. The grand niece of the painter Jean-Honor?? Fragonard, Morisot's paintings first had been accepted in the Salon de Paris in 1864 and she continued to show in the salon for ten years.
Manet became the friend and colleague of Berthe Morisot in 1868. She is credited with convincing Manet to attempt plein air painting, which she had been practicing since she had been introduced to it by another friend of hers, Camille Corot. They had a reciprocating relationship and Manet incorporated some of her techniques into his paintings. In 1874, she became his sister-in-law when she married his brother, Eugene.
Self-portrait with palette, 1879Unlike the core Impressionist group, Manet maintained that modern artists should seek to exhibit at the Paris Salon rather than abandon it in favor of independent exhibitions. Nevertheless, when Manet was excluded from the International exhibition of 1867, he set up his own exhibition. His mother worried that he would waste all his inheritance on this project, which was enormously expensive. While the exhibition earned poor reviews from the major critics, it also provided his first contacts with several future Impressionist painters, including Degas.
Although his own work influenced and anticipated the Impressionist style, he resisted involvement in Impressionist exhibitions, partly because he did not wish to be seen as the representative of a group identity, and partly because he preferred to exhibit at the Salon. Eva Gonzal??s was his only formal student.
He was influenced by the Impressionists, especially Monet and Morisot. Their influence is seen in Manet's use of lighter colors, but he retained his distinctive use of black, uncharacteristic of Impressionist painting. He painted many outdoor (plein air) pieces, but always returned to what he considered the serious work of the studio.
Manet enjoyed a close friendship with composer Emmanuel Chabrier, painting two portraits of him; the musician owned 14 of Manet's paintings and dedicated his Impromptu to Manet's wife.
Throughout his life, although resisted by art critics, Manet could number as his champions Emile Zola, who supported him publicly in the press, Stephane Mallarme, and Charles Baudelaire, who challenged him to depict life as it was. Manet, in turn, drew or painted each of them.